![kll xps peak kll xps peak](https://xpssimplified.com/_images/element-rhodium-xpsspectra.png)
The fill factor is 60% and an encouraging efficiency ( η) of 5.6% is retrieved, indicating its promising application in solar cell devices. An open circuit voltage ( V OC) of 586 mV and short circuit current ( J SC) of 16.0 mA/cm 2 are obtained from current density–voltage (J–V) characteristics. The experimentally obtained photovoltaic parameters of the p-CuO/n-Si heterojunction solar cell are compared with that of the simulation results using SCAPS 1D analysis. The optical band gap (1.36 eV) shows close proximity with the band gap obtained from simulated quantum efficiency spectra (1.47 eV). The nucleation of CuO clusters takes place in the form of isolated islands observed in both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The surface stoichiometry shows a pronounced Cu2p peak with a satellite peak (dominated by CuO) at spin-orbit splitting region (Cu 2p 3/2 and Cu 2p 1/2) in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The valence region of the catalysts consists of three large peaks: one due. The changes observed indicate interaction between metal and support. The polycrystalline CuO phase is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. X-ray photoelectron spectra of the valence band and X-ray-excited O KLL Auger transition of pumice-supported Pd and Pt catalysts have been obtained and compared to the corresponding spectra of pumice (a naturally occurring amorphous aluminosilicate). The cluster size distribution is controlled by a quadrupole mass filter. This work focuses on the synthesis and characterization of a thin film p-CuO/n-Si solar cell deposited by a size-selected cluster source with dc magnetron sputtering technique. In recent years, metal oxide-semiconductor heterojunctions are gaining interest in fundamental photovoltaic research.